Mongolia is the fifth largest country in Asia, with a total area of 1.6 million square kilometres. In 2009, the population reached 2.7 million, giving an overall population density of 1.7 persons per square kilometre, thus making it the least densely populated country in the world.

The population structure in Mongolia is as follows:
Age under 15 years - 27.6%,
Age between 15-64 years - 68.4%, and
Age 65 years and above – 4.0%.

Of the total population, 63.2% lives in urban areas. Males comprise 48.9% of the total population. The adult literacy rate is reported to be 97.8%. Life expectancy at birth is 67.98 years.

Due to increased urbanization and socioeconomic development in recent years, migration to urban and sub-urban areas has been increasing. Ulaanbaatar, the capital and largest city, is home to about 38% of the population.

Mongolia has a distinct geographical structure, with steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, high mountain ranges and dry, lake-dotted basins. The climate is defined as semi-arid continental, with dry, very dry and cool-to-warm ranges. The country is prone to natural hazards such as drought, flood, steppe and forest fires, and human and animal epidemic diseases.

As the Mongolian economy is extremely reliant on herding and agriculture, harsh winters and periodic droughts have adverse effects on livestock and agriculture, as well as the health status of the disaster-affected population.

GDP of Mongolia in 2009 was estimated to be US$9.456 billion and GDP per capita was US$3,200.

Currency of Mongolia: Tugrik (MNT).